Strabismus is commonly associated with which types of abnormalities?

• A. Neurological abnormalities only
• B. Cardiovascular abnormalities
• C. Visual and/or neurological abnormalities
• D. Musculoskeletal abnormalities

Answer: (C)

Strabismus reflects a disruption in how the eyes coordinate and align, which hinges on both the visual system and the neural control of eye movements. Proper binocular vision requires intact visual processing and precise innervation of the extraocular muscles, so misalignment often accompanies problems in either domain. Visual abnormalities, such as refractive errors or anisometropia, can lead to misalignment and, over time, amblyopia if the brain suppresses input from one eye. Neurological abnormalities involve issues with the cranial nerves that control eye movements or with central pathways governing gaze, which can produce strabismus in infancy or early childhood. Cardiovascular or musculoskeletal abnormalities are not the typical associations with strabismus.