Studies have shown that the fetus can sustain normal growth in the absence of which hormone?

• A. Glucose
• B. Human Growth Hormone
• C. Insulin
• D. Thyroid Hormone

Answer: (C)

Intrauterine growth is driven mainly by insulin-like growth factors produced by the fetus and placenta, and by placental nutrient supply. Insulin, while important for metabolic regulation, is not strictly required for normal fetal growth. Energy from glucose reaches the fetus, and IGF signaling supports cell growth and development even when insulin action is limited. Thyroid hormone is essential for normal growth and maturation, so its absence impairs growth, and glucose is a critical energy source. Therefore, the statement that the fetus can sustain normal growth in the absence of insulin reflects that growth largely relies on IGFs rather than insulin during gestation.